Final Review Exercises
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In all of the
following exercises, you will use all of the modifiers and joining techniques
you have practiced in the book. Your goal is to make each set of sentences into
one sentence.
Final
Review Exercise 1 The Gateway Arch
1. In
the late 18th and early 19th centuries, St. Louis, Missouri, played a
significant role.
The role was in westward
expansion.
2. Ordinary
people were drawn to the western reaches of the United States.
The people hoped for a better
place to work and raise children.
3. St.
Louis was a source for western commercial ventures.
St. Louis was a starting point
for pioneer journeys west.
4. Steamboats
lined the Mississippi River levee.
The levee was cluttered with
cargo.
5. The
streets were filled with shops.
The shops were blacksmith
shops, gun shops, general stores, and taverns.
6. In 1934, a group of St.
Louis citizens formed the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association.
The citizens wanted to
establish a memorial.
7. The
memorial would honor Thomas Jefferson.
The
memorial would honor people.
The
people left their eastern and midwestern homes.
The
people wanted to travel to the unknown western frontier.
8. One
such person was James Marshall.
Marshall worked at Sutters Fort in California.
9. Marshall
discovered the first gold nugget in 1848.
The discovery altered the course of western history.
10. Another
settler honored is Sacajawea.
Sacajawea
was a young Indian guide.
Sacajawea
was the only woman on the famous Lewis and Clark expedition.
11. The
memorial honors homesteaders.
The
homesteaders had crops.
The
crops were devastated by weather.
The
crops were devastated by plagues.
The
plagues were of grasshoppers.
12. The
citizens' group chose the city's riverfront area as the site for the memorial.
The riverfront area was the original location of the
city.
13. The
riverfront memorial park has a central feature.
The
central feature is a 630-foot arch.
The
arch is stainless steel.
14. The arch is
the tallest monument built in the United States.
The
arch was designed by Eero Saarinen.
Saarinen
was an architect.
15. Saarinen's
arch design was chosen because it is simple and familiar.
His design was chosen because it is unique and
impressive.
16. The St.
Louis Gateway Arch memorializes struggles.
The St. Louis Gateway Arch memorializes defeats.
The St. Louis Gateway Arch memorializes triumphs.
Final
Review Exercise 2 License Plates
1. Today
most cars have license plates.
The
plates are numbered.
The
plates are registered in a particular state.
A
century ago most vehicles had no identification.
2. According
to an old legend, an incident spurred the invention.
The
incident was peculiar.
The
incident was involving a buggy driver and a policeman.
The
invention was of the license tag.
3. Apparently,
the buggy driver was speeding through town.
He
was driving recklessly and scaring old ladies.
A
policeman stopped him.
4. The
policeman could not issue the driver a ticket.
The
policeman wanted to keep his streets safe.
A
ticket was for speeding.
He
demanded that the driver appear in court the next day.
The
driver was to be charged with disturbing the peace.
5. The
policeman learned the man's name and his address.
The
name was "Egbert Main."
The
policeman discovered that the man had lied.
The
man didn't show up in court the next day.
The
man gave an address.
The
address would have been in the middle of the river.
The
river was the Hudson.
6. After
several similar incidents and the invention, the New York Legislature passed
the first law.
The
incidents were involving dishonest drivers.
The
invention was of the automobile.
The
law was requiring auto owners to register their cars.
7. All
auto owners would receive a tag.
The
owners paid $1 to register.
The
tag was aluminum.
The
tag was about the size of a half-dollar.
The
tag was stamped with a number and "New York State."
Individual
auto owners could choose how to display their tag.
8. New
York's system was soon copied.
The
system was of keeping track of the new motor cars.
The
system was soon copied by other states and other countries.
Each
state or country had its own style.
The
style was of license tags.
9. In
the United States, for instance, the license plate has a history.
The
history is of different sizes, shapes, colors, and slogans.
Each
state picks its tag's colors.
The
colors are changed almost every year.
10. On one of
its plates, Arizona once used copper.
The
copper was to promote the state's most important metal.
Illinois
once used tags.
The
tags were of pressed fiber and soybeans.
The
tags were to preserve steel.
Steel
was scarce during World War II.
11. The soybean
tags looked fine.
They didn't last long.
Dogs and cows ate them.
12. All states
have agreed on the same size.
The
size is for the plate.
The
size is 6 by 12 inches.
Most
states have retained their own slogans and symbols.
The
slogans and the symbols are for the license plates.
The
slogans are sayings like "America's Dairyland," "Water
Wonderland,"
"Sportsman's
Paradise," and "The Beef State."
The
symbols are drawings like bears, bells, and grapefruits.
13. The variety
of license plates provides children some form of entertainment.
The
license plates are seen on highways.
The
children are bored on their long summer vacations.
The
children irritate their parents with their questions.
The
entertainment can teach them about specific industries or lifestyles in faraway
states.
14. But by far, the most
interesting, humorous, and often embarrassing plates are the personalized ones.
They
are the ones that reveal something about the driver.
There
is "CAKES" for a baker.
There
is "ROCK" and "ROLL" for two teenaged friends.
There
is "SEXYSR" for one dirty old man.
There
is even "IMEZRU" for one dirty young man.
Final Review
Exercise 3 Dream a Little Dream of Me
1. Dreaming
is a collection.
The
collection is of mental images.
The
mental images are fusions.
The
fusions are of pieces.
The
pieces are of memory and knowledge.
The
pieces arise during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
2. Humans
experience REM sleep.
Other
mammals experience REM sleep.
Birds
experience REM sleep.
REM
sleep is characterized by movements, limbs, respiration, and heartbeat.
The
movements are rapid.
The
movements are of the eye.
The
limbs are immobilized.
The
respiration and heartbeat are irregular.
3. The
act is part.
The
act is of dreaming.
The
part is of heritage.
The
heritage is human.
The
heritage is evolutionary.
The
heritage can be traced back 135 million years.
4. Some
people believe dreams are phenomena.
The
phenomena are meaningless.
Others
believe that dreams may give us insight.
The
insight is greater than reality.
Dreams
bring together experiences with events.
The
experiences are current.
The
events are from our past.
5. Dreams
are common.
Dreams
are of flying.
Dreams
are of walking naked in public.
These
experiences capture fears.
These
experiences capture hopes.
The
fears and hopes are human.
Dreams
vary depending on the age and sex.
The
age and sex are of the dreamer.
6. In
the past, dreams differed.
The
dreams are of women and men.
The
women and men are American.
7. In
the past, women dreamt of scenes.
They
dreamt of conversations.
They
dreamt of themselves as victims.
The
scenes were domestic.
The
conversations were emotional.
They
were victims of aggression.
Men
dreamt of the outdoors.
Men
dreamt of themselves as aggressors.
8. Now
men and women have similar dreams.
The
dreams are of the outdoors.
The
dreams are of sex.
The
dreams are of themselves as aggressors.
9. The
dreams have little content.
The
dreams are of children.
The
children are aged 3 to 5.
The
content is emotional.
These
children make appearances.
The
appearances are rare.
The
appearances are in their dreams.
10. Children
dream in stories.
The
children are aged 5 and 6.
The
stories are of action.
The
dreamers are still not actors.
The
actors are in their own dreams.
11. By the age
of 7 or 8, children dream like adults do.
Children put themselves in their dreams.
12. Dreams are
the most powerful.
The dreams solve a problem.
Many dreams represent a conflict.
The conflict is unresolved.
13. Some
psychologists believe we can control our dreams.
We
choose a problem before we go to sleep.
We
write about it before we go to sleep.
We
ask ourselves a question before we go to sleep.
The
problem is bothering us.
The
question is about the problem.
14. But we will
forget our dreams.
We will miss a possible answer.
The answer is to our question.
We don't write our dreams down.
Dreams vanish within 15 minutes.
Final
Review Exercise 4 Earthquakes
1. Earthquakes
are occurrences as old as mankind.
Most
ancients did not understand their cause.
The
ancients thought the earthquakes were acts of God.
2. For
instance, philosophers blamed earthquakes on Poseidon.
The
philosophers were ancient.
Poseidon
was the god of the sea.
Tribes
in Bulgaria believed that earthquakes struck when a water buffalo shifted its
weight.
The
water buffalo was enormous.
It
shifted its weight to ease its discomfort.
3. Early
humans saw earthquakes as similar to other misfortunes.
The
misfortunes were natural.
The
misfortunes were caused by God.
These
early humans did not make additional attempts.
The
attempts were to understand earthquakes.
4. But
people in the 17th century became more interested in knowledge.
The
knowledge was scientific.
They
made attempts.
The
attempts were to record earthquakes.
5. The
earthquake occurred in Lisbon, Portugal.
The
earthquake was the first recorded.
6. Records
were kept by priests.
The
records were of deaths caused by earthquakes.
The
priests made the first attempt.
The
attempt was real.
The
attempt was to investigate earthquakes and their effects.
7. Earthquakes
are still not completely understood today.
Geologists
have agreed upon theories.
The
theories are based upon evidence.
The
evidence suggests that tremors result from the rebalancing.
The
rebalancing is of forces.
The
forces are arising from the collision.
The
collision is of plates.
The
plates are moving.
The
plates are of layered rock.
The
plates are floating upon the earth's interior.
The
interior is molten.
8. Geologists
think that over 200 million years ago there was one continental mass.
The
continental mass was one huge plate.
The
plate was of rock.
Today
that rock may have broken into 20 plates.
The
plates are sliding and colliding.
9. Some
of the plates collide, usually at the intersection of continents and oceans.
The
collision changes the geography.
The
geography is of the earth.
The
collision builds island foundations.
The
collision makes mountains rise.
The
collision elevates or lowers existing land masses.
The
collision forces volcanoes to erupt.
The
collision stimulates earthquakes.
10. Molten
material from the earth's interior makes rifts.
The
rifts are in the plates.
The
plates are the newest.
The
plates are beneath the ocean floor.
Then
this process pushes plates slowly apart.
This
process is called "sea spreading."
11. The plates
move.
Their
movement is causing friction.
12. Sometimes
the plates lock together.
Their
locking causes strain underneath them.
Their
locking requires that the strain be relieved.
Rifts
occur in new places or movement occurs within existing rifts.
The
movement causes an earthquake.
13. Some plates
move in a vertical direction.
The
direction is up and down.
Other
plates move in a lateral direction.
The
direction is side to side.
14. The direction of the movement
and several other factors contribute to the amount of destruction.
The
destruction is caused by the earthquake.
One
factor is the depth of the collision.
Another factor is the interference that exists between
the collision site and the epicenter of the quake.
The
interference is of rock, mountain, water, and flat land.
15. Earthquakes
occur infrequently.
The
earthquakes are of large magnitude.
The
plates beneath our surface move regularly.
The
plates creep.
The
plates do not lock.