Review Exercises Nature and Nurture
In the following exercise, you
will use coordinators, subordinators, and parallel structures to create
one sentence from each set of sentences. The logical relationships, and
suggestions for using coordinators or subordinators to express the
relationships, are given in brackets. You will have to discover which parts of
sentences can be joined with and, or, or but to form parallel structures. Always plan your
solution, and read your combined sentences aloud.
EXAMPLE: People have
long argued about whether genes determine our personalities the most.
People
have long argued about whether the environment determines our
personalities
the most.
[coordinator—contrast] Now many
scientists believe that nature and nurture work together.
SOLUTION: People have long argued
about whether genes or the environment determines our personalities the most, but
now many scientists believe that nature and nurture work together.
1. Scientists now believe that genes
determine only the brain's main circuits of neurons.
Scientists now
believe that the environment shapes the trillions of connections between
neurons.
2. [subordinator—time] Babies are born.
Their brains have trillions of
neurons.
[coordinator—contrast] Only some of these neurons are
functional.
3. Some of the neurons have already formed circuits that
regulate breathing.
The circuits regulate heartbeat.
The circuits regulate body
temperature.
The circuits regulate reflexes.
4. Other neurons have not formed circuits.
[coordinator—reason] These neurons become
functional only when they respond to outside
stimuli.
5. [subordinator—condition or time] The neurons are stimulated.
They are integrated into the circuitry
of the brain.
[subordinator or coordinator—reason] They connect to other neurons.
6. [subordinator—condition] The neurons are not
stimulated.
The neurons may wither.
The neurons may die.
7. Childhood experiences stimulate neurons.
Childhood experiences determine
whether a child will be confident.
Childhood experiences determine
whether a child will be fearful.
8. Experiments with rats show new evidence that the neurons
can be stimulated with play.
Experiments are with monkeys.
Experiments are with human babies.
The neurons can be stimulated with
purposeful training.
9. Scientists have found that music helps develops
children's brain circuits.
[coordinator—result] Parents should sing songs with
their children.
Parents should play structured,
melodic music.
Parents should give their children
music lessons.
[subordinator—condition] Their children show musical
aptitude.
Their children show musical interest.
10. [subordinator—time] Children listen to classical
music.
They exercise neurons.
They strengthen circuits for
mathematics.
[subordinator—reason] The brain circuits for math
are close to the circuits for music.
11. Scientists have found that talking to children helps
develop children's brain circuits for language.
[coordinator—result] Parents should talk to their
children a lot.
12. Parents can also influence their
children's circuits for emotions.
[subordinator—condition] The parents recognize their
children's emotions.
The parents return their
children's emotions.
13. [subordinator—condition or
time] A
parent
approves of his or her child's happiness.
The child's circuits for happy emotions are reinforced.
14. [subordinator—condition or time] A parent disapproves of his or
her child's happiness.
The circuits are confused.
The circuits will not
strengthen.
15. [subordinator—condition or time] A parent hugs an upset child.
The child learns to calm him
or herself down.
16. [subordinator—condition or time] A parent yells at an upset
child.
The child doesn't learn to calm
him or herself down.
[subordinator or
coordinator—reason] The parent's response does not stimulate the circuits
for calming down.
17. But the parent's actions have to be repeated over time.
[subordinator or
coordinator—reason] One
mistake will not scar a child for life.
18. [subordinator—reason] Environmental influences begin
very early in life.
People often confuse them
with genetic or causes.
[Coordinator—contrast] Actually, the environmental
stimuli are crucial for development.